supermaze動(dòng)物行為學(xué)視頻分析系統(tǒng)是一套通過視頻攝像機(jī)和計(jì)算機(jī)，采用圖像處理技術(shù)，自動(dòng)跟蹤和記錄動(dòng)物活動(dòng)的通用型運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡記錄分析系統(tǒng)，可以應(yīng)用在神經(jīng)藥理，學(xué)習(xí)記憶藥理，抗衰老藥理和新藥神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)一般藥理毒理研究，也可用于神經(jīng)科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究。
supermaze適用于morris水迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)、開場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)、曠場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)、自發(fā)活動(dòng)、避暗實(shí)驗(yàn)、t型迷宮、y型迷宮、放射型迷宮、高架十字迷宮、八臂迷宮、barnes迷宮、條件位置偏愛實(shí)驗(yàn)、zero迷宮、孔洞實(shí)驗(yàn)、跳臺(tái)實(shí)驗(yàn)、新物體識(shí)別等各種動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。
supermaze除了具有自動(dòng)跟蹤記錄動(dòng)物活動(dòng)軌跡的基本功能外，還具有通過事件記錄器記錄視頻系統(tǒng)無法自動(dòng)識(shí)別的各項(xiàng)動(dòng)物行為事件、軌跡數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入再分析、實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)管理以及實(shí)時(shí)錄像功能，并能夠接收16路外部輸入信號(hào)，控制12路外部輸出信號(hào)，充分體現(xiàn)了自動(dòng)化與靈活性相結(jié)合的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
supermaze動(dòng)物行為軌跡分析平臺(tái)設(shè)置簡(jiǎn)單、操作靈活，具有很高的性能價(jià)格比。
二、平臺(tái)特性
可隨心設(shè)計(jì)的平臺(tái)區(qū)域圖形（平臺(tái)軟件開放），開展各種行為學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)
穩(wěn)定可靠的頭、中、尾三點(diǎn)跟蹤算法，甚至可以可識(shí)別果蠅幼蟲
可以對(duì)動(dòng)物的主動(dòng)行為、學(xué)習(xí)記憶、條件反射、反應(yīng)性、被動(dòng)行為中的各種行為學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行采集處理
獨(dú)創(chuàng)的事件統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析功能，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一目了然
可視化的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)管理功能，安全便捷
強(qiáng)大的綜合報(bào)表功能，并支持一鍵導(dǎo)出
靈活的實(shí)驗(yàn)啟動(dòng)和結(jié)束方式，提高實(shí)驗(yàn)效率
內(nèi)置方便快捷的手動(dòng)事件記錄器，記錄動(dòng)物各種行為特征
自定義實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的屬性模板 ，實(shí)驗(yàn)參數(shù)更豐富全面
軟件擴(kuò)展齊全，Zui高支持16通道的實(shí)驗(yàn)分析
控制器可以兼容國(guó)外知名行為學(xué)廠家儀器,技術(shù)國(guó)內(nèi)領(lǐng)先
三、實(shí)驗(yàn)開展
1. morris水迷宮（morris water maze,mwm）
morris水迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)是一種強(qiáng)迫實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物（大鼠、小鼠）游泳，學(xué)習(xí)尋找隱藏在水中平臺(tái)的一種實(shí)驗(yàn)，morris水迷宮主要用于測(cè)試實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物對(duì)空間位置感和方向感（空間定位）的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力，被廣泛應(yīng)用于學(xué)習(xí)記憶、老年癡呆、海馬/外海馬研究、智力與衰老、新藥開發(fā)/篩選/評(píng)價(jià)、藥理學(xué)、毒理學(xué)、預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)、神經(jīng)生物學(xué)、動(dòng)物心理學(xué)及行為生物學(xué)等多個(gè)學(xué)科的科學(xué)研究和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)等領(lǐng)域，在世界上已經(jīng)得到廣泛地認(rèn)可，是醫(yī)學(xué)院校開展行為學(xué)研究尤其是學(xué)習(xí)與記憶研究的經(jīng)典實(shí)驗(yàn)。
2.t迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)（t-maze）
t迷宮由1條干和2條臂構(gòu)成。迷宮使動(dòng)物在獲取食物獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)時(shí)沒有任何參考，只能根據(jù)自我判斷選取食餌正確擺放一端。一般在測(cè)試前幾天對(duì)其食量進(jìn)行限制，測(cè)試前2天對(duì)動(dòng)物進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。之后進(jìn)行正式測(cè)試，每日連續(xù)測(cè)試15次，每次測(cè)試間隔1min，共3d。
the t-maze is a choice task. thesubject is placed in the base of the "t". following a shortdelay, it is allowed to explore the maze and choose to enter eitherthe right or left arms. the choice is scored according tovariety of criterion, including spontaneous alternation, cuedreward, or to indicate a preference. based on the criterionused in an experiment, the t-maze can be used to test learning andmemory, preferences for stimuli or reward, or spontaneousalternation behavior.
3. 八臂迷宮（radial armmaze）
subjects are placed inthe center of an eight-arm radial maze. four randomly chosenarms are baited with food pellets in opaque containers. thesubject is given the opportunity to visit all the arms and collectall the available food pellets.
after a rentention delay, the subject is returned to themaze. in win-stay conditions, the same four arms are baited,and the number of correct choices the subject makes in collectingthe pellets is recorded. in win-shift conditions, the four arms notbaited in the earlier trial are now baited, and the number ofcorrect arm choices is recorded. each day, a new set of fourarms is chosen randomly.
八臂迷宮用來檢測(cè)藥物或大腦受損狀態(tài)下學(xué)習(xí)和記憶方面的表現(xiàn)，它由八個(gè)完全相同的臂組成，這些臂從一個(gè)中央平臺(tái)放射出來，所以又被稱為放射迷宮每個(gè)臂盡頭有食物提供裝置，根據(jù)分析動(dòng)物取食的策略即進(jìn)入每臂的次數(shù)、時(shí)間、正確次數(shù)、錯(cuò)誤次數(shù)、路線等參數(shù)可以反映出實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的空間記憶能力。相對(duì)而言，八臂迷宮操作簡(jiǎn)便、可行，而且能區(qū)分短期的工作記憶和長(zhǎng)期的參考記憶，現(xiàn)已被廣泛用于學(xué)習(xí)記憶功能評(píng)價(jià)。
4. 自主活動(dòng)、曠場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)（open field）
the subject is placed inthe activity chamber for a specified time period. activitylevels and movement in three
dimensionsare recorded by the activity system and can be analyzed forevidence of hyperactiviy, hypoactivity, anxiety, explorativebehaviors, and stereotypedrotation.
自發(fā)活動(dòng)曠場(chǎng)曠場(chǎng)分析系統(tǒng)是觀察研究實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物神經(jīng)精神變化、進(jìn)入開闊環(huán)境后的各種行為，例如動(dòng)物對(duì)新開闊環(huán)境的恐懼而主要在周邊區(qū)域活動(dòng)，在中央?yún)^(qū)域活動(dòng)較少，但動(dòng)物的探究特性又促使其產(chǎn)生在中央?yún)^(qū)域活動(dòng)的動(dòng)機(jī)，也可觀察由此而產(chǎn)生的焦慮心理。中樞興奮藥物可以明顯增加自主的活動(dòng)而減少探究行為，一定劑量的抗精神病藥物可以減少探究行為而不影響自主活動(dòng)。
5. 高架十字迷宮（elevated plusmaze）
高架十字迷宮是利用動(dòng)物對(duì)新異環(huán)境的探究特性和對(duì)高懸敞開臂的恐懼形成矛盾沖突行為來考察動(dòng)物的焦慮狀態(tài)。高架十
字迷宮具有一對(duì)開臂和一對(duì)閉臂，高架十字迷宮距離地面較高，相當(dāng)于人站在峭壁上，使實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象產(chǎn)生恐懼和不安心理。高架十字迷宮被廣泛應(yīng)用于新藥開發(fā)、藥理學(xué)、毒理學(xué)、預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)、神經(jīng)生物學(xué)、動(dòng)物心理學(xué)等多個(gè)學(xué)科的科學(xué)-研究和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)等領(lǐng)域，是醫(yī)學(xué)院校與科研機(jī)構(gòu)開展焦慮抑郁研究的經(jīng)典實(shí)驗(yàn)。xmaze 動(dòng)物行為軌跡分析平臺(tái)
the animal is placed in the center ofthe apparatus and observed for a set time. measurementscompare the include total time spent in the open and closed arms(and central platform) as well as entries into the open and closedarms.
6. 黑白箱實(shí)驗(yàn)（light dark box）
the subject isplaced in the dark portion of the box for a set period ofacclimation time. at the end of this period, a doorseparating the two compartments is opened. the amount of timethat the subject takes to emerge fully from the enclosed area intothe open area is measured.
7. 社交行為實(shí)驗(yàn)（socialinteraction）supermaze動(dòng)物行為學(xué)視頻分析系統(tǒng)
the subject is habituated to the test chamber andallowed to freely explore for a set time. a novel animal isplaced in one of the two enclosures, and the percentage of time themouse spends in the section with the novel animal is compared tothe time spent in the section with the empty enclosure. in alater session, the time spent with the same animal might becompared to time spent with a newer, more novelanimal.
8. 條件性位置偏愛（conditioned placepreference）
條件性位置偏愛實(shí)驗(yàn)（cpp）實(shí)驗(yàn)是目前評(píng)價(jià)藥物精神依賴性的經(jīng)典實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ汀Ｔ搶?shí)驗(yàn)將實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物（大鼠、小鼠）置于條件性位置偏愛箱的白色觀察區(qū)，并給予精神依賴藥物然后觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物在條件性位置偏愛箱的黑色區(qū)和白色區(qū)的活動(dòng)情況，白色區(qū)、黑色區(qū)以及其中的灰*之間有小門可供動(dòng)物自由穿梭。動(dòng)物每次處于給藥區(qū)就會(huì)在藥物獎(jiǎng)賞性效應(yīng)的作用下對(duì)黑色和白*域產(chǎn)生位置上的偏好，其程度與藥物的精神依賴性相關(guān)。
a drug isinjected and the subject is introduced to distinctive environmenta. this procedure is repeated for several trials. during these conditioning trials the animal develops an associationbetween the subjective state produced by the drug (often drugs thatproduce mood elevation or euphoria in humans) and the contextualcues present while the drug is active. to test theconditioning, the animal is placed in an apparatus withdrug-related cues in one compartment and neutral cues in the other.nbsp; if conditioning occurred, the animal will move toward thecompartment containing the drug-related cues.
in a conditioned place preferenceexperiment, subjects are returned to an apparatus were they canfreely move between a compartment in which they were conditionedwith drug-related cues, and a compartment with neutral cues. if the conditioning was successful for positive, reinforcingdrug states, they should spend more time in the
compartmentwith drug-related cues。
in a conditioned place aversionexperiment, subjects are returned to an apparatus were they canfreely move between a compartment in which they were conditionedwith an aversive stimulus, such as a shock; and a compartment withneutral cues. if the aversive conditioning was successful,they should spend more time in the compartment with neutralcues.
9. 強(qiáng)迫游泳（force swim test）、懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn)（tailtest）
since some mutations cause a deficitin swimming ability, the forced swim test can be used todemonstrate normal swimming and floating ability. the test is mostfre used to examine the "learned helplessness" responsecommon in animal models of depression.
the subject is suspended by the tailfor a set interval the percentage of time the subject spends stillversus moving is examined for evidence of the "learnedhelplessness" response common in models of depression.
懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn)主要用于抗抑郁、鎮(zhèn)靜以及止痛類藥物的研究。懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)適用于大鼠、小鼠或其他實(shí)驗(yàn)室動(dòng)物，通過固定動(dòng)物尾部使其頭向下懸掛，記錄處于該環(huán)境的動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生絕望的不動(dòng)狀態(tài)過程中的一系列參數(shù)。
10. 條件性恐懼實(shí)驗(yàn)（fear conditioning）
條件性恐懼分析用于小型嚙齒類動(dòng)物（大、小鼠）環(huán)境相關(guān)條件性恐懼實(shí)驗(yàn)研究?？挂钟羲幒涂怪袠信d奮藥可以明
顯縮短不動(dòng)狀態(tài)持續(xù)的時(shí)間。實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中，實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象被給與一個(gè)聲音信號(hào)，隨后給予電擊刺激。該訓(xùn)練稱為條件性訓(xùn)練，訓(xùn)練結(jié)束后實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物進(jìn)行聲音信號(hào)或環(huán)境聯(lián)系性實(shí)驗(yàn)。一般情況下嚙齒類動(dòng)物對(duì)相應(yīng)的環(huán)境和不同環(huán)境下同樣的聲音信號(hào)都會(huì)做出明顯的條件性恐懼反應(yīng)，如靜止不動(dòng)。
the pavlovian fear conditioning taskallows for the assessment of learning and memory regarding aversiveevents. the task allows for the simultaneous assessment oflearning about simple, unimodal cues and learning about complex,multimodal stimuli such as context. fear conditioninguniversally depends on the integrity of the amygdala, but contextconditioning is sensitive to manipulations of thehippocampus. this task has been used extensively todemonstrate both genetically based impairments and enhancements inlearning and memory.
11. 震驚條件反射（startle and pre-pulse inhibition）
basic startleresponsein basic startle, startle stimuli ofvarious intensities are presented unexpectedly. varying startleresponse and habituation are recorded.pre-pulseinhibitionin pre-pulse inhibition (ppi), thestartle stimulus is paired with a predictive cue. in normalsubjects,
the"pre-pulse" cue reduces the startle amplitude. thisinhibition of the startle response is known as ppi. humansand animal models of several disease states are known to havepre-pulse inhibition deficits, including schizophrenia,alzheimer's, and ptsd.fear-potentiatedstartlein fear-potentiated startle, thesubjects are trained to associate a neutral stimulus, such as alight cue, with an aversive stimulus. when the startleresponse is tested in the presence of the light cue, the startleamplitude should be potentiated, or increased.
12．新穎物體識(shí)別（novel objectrecognition）supermaze動(dòng)物行為學(xué)視頻分析系統(tǒng)
thesubject is habituated to the test chamber and allowed to freelyexplore for a set time. a novel object is placed in one ofthe two enclosures, and the percentage of time the mouse spends inthe section with the new object is compared to the time spent inthe section with the empty enclosure. in a later session,the time spent with the same object might be compared to time spentwith a newer, more novel object.
